A wood carbonizer is a device used to convert wood into charcoal. Charring is a pyrolysis process in which volatile substances in the wood are released by heating the wood in a high-temperature, low-oxygen environment, leaving behind a carbonaceous residue known as charcoal.

Wood charcoal furnace designs can vary, but generally consist of a few key components:

1. Furnace body: The furnace body is a sealed container used to hold wood and the carbonization process. It is usually constructed from high-temperature-resistant materials, such as refractory bricks, to ensure it can withstand high-temperature environments.

2. Heating system: The heating system is used to provide the high temperature required by the furnace body. Common heating methods include electric heating elements, burners, or other fuels. The goal of the heating system is to raise the temperature inside the furnace to a high enough level to char the wood.

3. Control system: The control system is used to monitor and control temperature, pressure and other parameters during the carbonization process. This can be achieved through sensors and controls to ensure the stability and efficiency of the carbonization process.

4. Exhaust system: The exhaust system is used to discharge the smoke and volatile substances generated during the carbonization process. This can be accomplished through a chimney or other exhaust device to reduce environmental pollution.

The working principle of the wood carbonization furnace is to put the wood into the furnace body and provide sufficient heating energy to carbonize it. During the charring process, the moisture and volatile substances in the wood are released, while the fibrous structure of the wood is retained in the charcoal produced. The charring process usually takes a certain amount of time to ensure complete conversion to charcoal.